One of the most common misconceptions in Biblical interpretation today is that “the thousand years” (hence: the “millennium”), of which John speaks in Revelation 20: 1- 7, are mentioned nowhere else in the Scripture. And since it is generally agreed that no major doctrine should be based on any one single passage of the Bible, it is no wonder then that all too many have concluded that pre-millennialism likewise should not be among any of our major doctrinal creeds.
However, a more careful study of God’s Word dissipates this conclusion. The truth is that the “thousand years,” along with parallel expressions, are found in both testaments and constitutes one of the high points in Biblical prophecy. Before we look at some of these key texts, it is important to note that the Kingdom of God in heaven and on earth is one of the grand themes of the whole Bible. A quick review of that Kingdom (in its inception, progress, conduct, and consummation) should set the stage for our considering the key teaching passages in a pre-millennial doctrine.
The Kingdom of God
The Kingdom of God has two advents, two ages, two resurrections, and two end points. Few, except some of Jesus’ own kin-folks, deny that the first advent has already occurred. In a Television debate I had with Rabbi Pincas Lapide on the John Ankerberg Show some years ago, he observed that the difference between his Jewish viewpoint and my evangelical one was that I, as an evangelical, believed in two comings of the Messiah and he, as a believer in the Tenak (the Old Testament), only adopted one: a coming of the Messiah in a time of world peace. I replied, “But Dr. Lapide, Zechariah 12: 10 says `They will look on me, the one they have pierced, and they will mourn for him as one mourns for an only child… a firstborn son.’ I asked, `Who is the one speaking that they will look on?’ He replied: `The Almighty!’ Then I asked, `How did he get pierced, then?’ ‘I do not know he said.’ My retort was, `I have an idea how: it was at Calvary in his first coming.’ Later the Messiah will come in a second advent in a time of final peace as this same chapter in Zechariah points out.” Yes, there are two advents advocated in the Biblical text of both the Old and the New Testaments.
But there are also two ages: in Hebrew- “`Olam Hazzeh,” “This age,” and “`Olam Habba, “The age to come.” The New Testament Greek employs these same two divisions of time some thirty times: “Aion ho houtos, “This age,” and “Aion ho mellon,” “The age to come.” The “Age to come” overlaps this age with the work of Christ in casting out demons and especially in his resurrection from the dead. While the “age to come” is still only in its incipient form, with the second advent, it will come into its full realization.
The Two Resurrections of I Corinthians 15: 22 – 24
Even more significantly, there are two resurrections, not just one. Revelation 20: 5 speaks of “the first resurrection,” which all too many seek to evade by spiritualizing, allegorizing, or idealizing it in place of a literal resurrection. But what John calls “the first resurrection,” the apostle Paul refers to “those who are Christ’s at his coming” in 1 Corinthians 15: 23. In fact, the Apostle Paul has given us just as strong a text for pre-millennialism as has the Apostle John in the Apocalypse.
I Corinthians 15: 22 begins that just as “…in Adam all die, [for which the cemetery is our main, but all convincing, evidence], so in Christ all will be made alive.” This affirms that every mortal, regardless of race, gender, religion, or the absence of any religious affiliation, will be resurrected in the final day. Instead of proving universalism, as Karl Barth taught from this passage (i.e., that every one will eventually be saved), the Greek text, which had no punctuation, follows immediately after saying “all will be made alive,” with the qualification, “but each in his own turn.” The Greek word for “turn” is a military term (Tagmati) meaning “rank,” “squad,” or “platoon.” So all are resurrectible, i.e., they can “be made alive,” but only in distinct squads or platoons. This text lists three such squads: (1) [vs 23] “Christ, the firstfruits,” [at the first Easter morning] (2) “then, when he comes for those who belong to him,” and (3) [vs 24] “Then the end will come, when he hands over the kingdom to God the Father after he has destroyed all dominion, authority and power” (emphasis mine). The most important matter to note is that Christ’s resurrection sets the pattern for the two resurrections that are to follow in the plan of the Kingdom of God. It is also important to note that there is a temporal space of time between the resurrections as indicated by the word “then,” which in Greek is represented by the words that always go together: epeita …. eita, (“then …. Then).” These two are routinely found together in Koine and Classical Greek to represent a time period between them as in the Gospel record, “First the blade and then the ear and then the full corn [old world wheat and the like] doeth appear.” Surely this signals the growth of the wheat in its various stages with a time gap between them. That is exactly what the apostle John was indicating, though he was more specific as to the time period, labeling it as a “thousand years.”
In just the same manner, the Greek Aorist tense of “lived” or “came to life” (in Revelation 20: 40 indicated one definite act, which was called the “First Resurrection” in Revelation 20: 4. “They lived” can only mean they came to life again and returned to a life like their former life as it also means in Revelation 2: 8, and of the beast in Revelation 13: 14 and elsewhere (e.g., John 5: 25; Romans 8: 13). The famous quote of Alford needs to be stated again:
“If in a passage where two resurrections are mentioned, – where certain souls lived, at first, and the `Rest of the dead’ lived only at the end of a specified period, after that first, — the `First Resurrection’ may be understood to mean a spiritual rising with Christ, while the second means a literal rising from the grave, then there is an end of all significance in language, and Scripture is wiped out as a definite testimony to anything. If the `First Resurrection’ is spiritual, then so is the second, – which I suppose none will be hardy enough to maintain. But if the second is literal, then so is the first, which, in common with the whole primitive church, and many of the best expositors, I do maintain and receive as an article of faith and hope…. I have ventured to speak strongly, because my conviction is strong, founded on the rules of fair and consistent interpretation. It is a strange sight, in these days, to see expositors, who are among the first, in reverence of antiquity, complacently casting aside the most cogent instance of unanimity which primitive antiquity presents.”
The First Resurrection is just as literal a resurrection in John’s Apocalypse as it is in Paul’s “those who belong to him when he comes” (1 Cor 15: 23). And in both John and Paul, those resurrections are separated by a period of time.
Nor does the fact that John saw only “souls” detract from a literal bodily resurrection, for the souls that had heretofore enjoyed heavenly joy were now to be reunited with their bodies. Note that John does not say the “souls” “lived and reigned,” but the same “they” who were beheaded, and the “they” who had not received the mark of the beast, were the same ones who “came alive” and were reunited with their bodies and who reigned with Christ for a thousand years.
There are also two ends along with the two advents, two ages, and two resurrections. The first end is signaled by the coming of the Son of Man, our Lord Jesus from the clouds of heaven in his second advent. The prophet Daniel brilliantly laid this out in Daniel 7: 9 – 14 as did the prophet Ezekiel in his Apocalypse in chapters 37 – 48. Instead of a Valley of Dry Bones, the nation Israel is resurrected again with an implantation of the revitalizing breath of Life in each of the skeletons of bones as the nation is once again placed back in her own land. This marks the opening of the Age to Come, now in its full view (even though it had been inaugurated in the life and times of Jesus the Messiah), and the thousand year rule and reign of Christ with his saints of both Jewish and Gentile believers.
The second end comes with the Great White Judgment throne in which all the rest of the dead are resurrected to be examined by our Lord to see if their names are in the Lamb’s book of Life. This does not end the Age to come, for it goes on without cessation into the eternal state and the Messianic Age of Eternity.
The Witness of Isaiah 24: 21-23 to the “Multitude of Days”
In addition to the two great New Testament passages dealing with the millennium, Isaiah 24: 21 – 23 can take the next pride of place. It too places its prediction in “that day of the Lord” (Isa 24: 21), which “Day of the Lord” is mainly an Old Testament term that parallels the contents of the New Testament “Apocalypse of Jesus Christ” (Rev 1: 1). Exhibiting the organic nature of prophecy, a separate name in germ form (an example of an epigenetic growth) is used for what John will later call in Greek Chilia Ete, “a thousand years.” Isaiah names that same period of time Rov Yamim, “a multitude of days,” or “many days.”
Isaiah speaks of the Day of the Lord when Messiah himself will judge and then restore the kingdom to Israel. At that time, the Lord will “punish” (or “visit”) the powers in heaven above and the kings of the earth in such a fashion that they will be gathered together as “prisoners” in a “pit” or “dungeon” and “shut up in prison.” “After many days,” (i.e., equal to John’s “millennium,” but here not specified exactly) they will appear for judgment. At that same time, “the moon will be confounded and the sun ashamed when the Lord Almighty will reign on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem and before his elders, gloriously” (Isa. 24: 22-23). Here, then, is a third major teaching text on the millennium.
This is the time during the thousand years when Satan is cast down to the pit “In that day.” It is when Michael stands forth to fight for Israel (Dan 12: 1; Rev 12: 7) and when according to the vision of John “the angel, having the key of the abyss, and a great chain in his hand, laid hold of the dragon, the Old Serpent, which is the Devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years, and cast him into the abyss, and shut and sealed him over, that he should deceive the nations no more, until the thousand years should be finished, or almost so, after which he must be loosed for a little season” (Rev 20: 1-3).
Note that Isaiah also fixes the duration of the imprisonment of Satan as a “multitude of days,” or “many days.” Isaiah also says that it is “after” these “many days” that the “powers of heaven” and the kings of earth” will have their final retribution. This implies their future unchaining and being loosed again. Thus Isaiah 24: 22 involves a resurrection of the wicked at the close of the “many days.”
Walter C. Kaiser, Jr.
President Emeritus
Colman M. Mockler Distinguished Professor of Old Testament and Ethics
Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary
Link to Walter C. Kaiser, Jr. website: www.walterckaiserjr.com